Philosophy of Mind

1. The Philosophy of Mind primarily concerns:
(A) The nature of consciousness and mental states
(B) Chemical reactions in the brain
(C) Genetics of behavior
(D) Muscle physiology

2. The mind–body problem deals with the relationship between:
(A) Mental states and physical states
(B) Genetics and behavior
(C) Muscles and reflexes
(D) Language and memory

3. René Descartes is best known for defending:
(A) Dualism
(B) Materialism
(C) Functionalism
(D) Behaviorism

4. Cartesian dualism states that mind and body are:
(A) Two distinct substances
(B) Identical
(C) Illusions
(D) Biological reflexes

5. The statement “Cogito, ergo sum” means:
(A) I think, therefore I am
(B) Body and soul are one
(C) Knowledge is perception
(D) All is material

6. Physicalism holds that:
(A) Everything is physical, including the mind
(B) Mind is immaterial
(C) Consciousness is an illusion
(D) Souls govern thought

7. Behaviorism explains the mind in terms of:
(A) Observable behavior only
(B) Mental images
(C) Dreams and imagination
(D) Neural firing

8. Functionalism argues that mental states are defined by:
(A) Their causal roles and functions
(B) Their physical matter
(C) Their historical origin
(D) Their immaterial nature

9. Which philosopher is associated with the “Chinese Room Argument”?
(A) John Searle
(B) Daniel Dennett
(C) Thomas Nagel
(D) David Chalmers

10. The Chinese Room Argument challenges:
(A) Strong Artificial Intelligence
(B) Behaviorism
(C) Dualism
(D) Physicalism

11. Thomas Nagel’s essay “What is it like to be a bat?” addresses:
(A) The subjective nature of consciousness
(B) Reflex theory
(C) Physicalism defense
(D) Brain plasticity

12. David Chalmers is known for articulating:
(A) The “hard problem” of consciousness
(B) The “easy problem” of reflexes
(C) The theory of dualism
(D) The argument against AI

13. The “hard problem” of consciousness refers to:
(A) Explaining subjective experience (qualia)
(B) Mapping brain neurons
(C) Explaining reflexes
(D) Studying dreams only

14. Qualia are:
(A) Subjective experiences of perception
(B) Reflexes
(C) Brain neurons
(D) Logical arguments

15. Materialism claims that:
(A) Mental phenomena are reducible to physical processes
(B) Mind is immaterial
(C) Reflexes explain thought
(D) Consciousness does not exist

16. The identity theory states:
(A) Mental states are identical to brain states
(B) Mind and body are separate
(C) Qualia exist independently
(D) Consciousness is immaterial

17. Epiphenomenalism suggests that:
(A) Mental events are caused by physical events but have no causal power
(B) Mental and physical are identical
(C) Only behavior matters
(D) Consciousness is an illusion

18. The problem of other minds is:
(A) How we know others have minds like ours
(B) How the body moves
(C) Why reflexes occur
(D) How memory works

19. Panpsychism is the view that:
(A) Consciousness is a fundamental feature of all matter
(B) Only humans are conscious
(C) Mind is an illusion
(D) Behavior defines mind

20. Eliminative materialism argues that:
(A) Folk psychological terms like “beliefs” and “desires” should be eliminated in favor of neuroscience
(B) Dualism is true
(C) Dreams define the mind
(D) Only reflexes matter

21. Gilbert Ryle described Descartes’ dualism as:
(A) The “ghost in the machine”
(B) The “illusion of matter”
(C) The “soul of physics”
(D) The “hard problem”

22. The problem of mental causation asks:
(A) How mental states can cause physical actions
(B) Why neurons fire
(C) Why dreams occur
(D) Why reflexes exist

23. Intentionality in philosophy of mind refers to:
(A) The “aboutness” or directedness of mental states
(B) Human free will
(C) Brain functions
(D) Reflex movements

24. Emergentism claims that:
(A) Mental states emerge from complex physical systems but are not reducible to them
(B) Mind is eternal
(C) Dreams are the true self
(D) Reflexes generate thought

25. Which philosopher is associated with functionalism?
(A) Hilary Putnam
(B) René Descartes
(C) Gilbert Ryle
(D) Thomas Nagel

26. Daniel Dennett is a defender of:
(A) Consciousness as an illusion and intentional stance theory
(B) Cartesian dualism
(C) Panpsychism
(D) Epiphenomenalism

27. The Turing Test was proposed by:
(A) Alan Turing
(B) John Searle
(C) Noam Chomsky
(D) René Descartes

28. The Turing Test evaluates:
(A) Whether a machine can exhibit human-like intelligence
(B) Reflexes in humans
(C) The structure of neurons
(D) Consciousness in animals

29. Strong AI claims that:
(A) Machines can genuinely have minds
(B) Machines only simulate thought
(C) Only humans have minds
(D) Consciousness is immaterial

30. Weak AI claims that:
(A) Machines simulate thought but lack real minds
(B) Machines are conscious
(C) Machines dream
(D) Consciousness is an illusion

31. The “philosophical zombie” thought experiment is used to challenge:
(A) Physicalism
(B) Dualism
(C) Behaviorism
(D) Functionalism

32. Who introduced the idea of philosophical zombies?
(A) David Chalmers
(B) René Descartes
(C) John Searle
(D) Thomas Nagel

33. Which philosophy claims the mind is nothing more than behavioral dispositions?
(A) Logical behaviorism
(B) Dualism
(C) Functionalism
(D) Identity theory

34. The inverted spectrum argument challenges:
(A) Functionalism about qualia
(B) Dualism
(C) Panpsychism
(D) Behaviorism

35. Which philosopher argued for multiple realizability of mental states?
(A) Hilary Putnam
(B) René Descartes
(C) Gilbert Ryle
(D) John Searle

36. “Multiple realizability” means:
(A) The same mental state can be realized by different physical systems
(B) All minds are identical
(C) Dualism is true
(D) Consciousness is reducible to neurons

37. Who argued that consciousness is a user illusion?
(A) Daniel Dennett
(B) John Searle
(C) David Chalmers
(D) René Descartes

38. Which branch of philosophy is most closely tied to cognitive science?
(A) Philosophy of Mind
(B) Ethics
(C) Aesthetics
(D) Political philosophy

39. Which view holds that mind and body are different aspects of the same reality?
(A) Property dualism
(B) Cartesian dualism
(C) Eliminativism
(D) Materialism

40. Which philosopher is known for defending panpsychism in modern philosophy?
(A) Galen Strawson
(B) Daniel Dennett
(C) John Searle
(D) Gilbert Ryle

41. Idealism argues that:
(A) Reality is fundamentally mental
(B) Only physical things exist
(C) Reflexes define thought
(D) Consciousness is reducible to brain matter

42. Who is associated with transcendental idealism?
(A) Immanuel Kant
(B) René Descartes
(C) Thomas Nagel
(D) Alan Turing

43. Which concept suggests that mental properties cannot be reduced to physical properties but depend on them?
(A) Supervenience
(B) Dualism
(C) Behaviorism
(D) Idealism

44. Who proposed the “knowledge argument” with Mary in the black-and-white room?
(A) Frank Jackson
(B) David Chalmers
(C) Thomas Nagel
(D) John Searle

45. Mary’s Room thought experiment challenges:
(A) Physicalism
(B) Dualism
(C) Behaviorism
(D) Functionalism

46. The “explanatory gap” refers to:
(A) The difficulty in explaining how physical processes give rise to subjective experience
(B) The gap between brain hemispheres
(C) The time lag in reflexes
(D) Gaps in behaviorist theory

47. Which philosopher defended property dualism and the “hard problem” of consciousness?
(A) David Chalmers
(B) René Descartes
(C) Alan Turing
(D) Gilbert Ryle

48. Who criticized behaviorism with the idea of “qualia” and “sensation”?
(A) Ned Block
(B) Daniel Dennett
(C) John Searle
(D) Hilary Putnam

49. Which position holds that consciousness is an emergent property of brain complexity?
(A) Emergent materialism
(B) Cartesian dualism
(C) Panpsychism
(D) Idealism

50. The “extended mind” thesis argues that:
(A) Cognitive processes can extend into the environment and tools we use
(B) Mind is only in the brain
(C) Dualism is correct
(D) Dreams are the true mind