Perception & Sensation

1. Sensation refers to:
(A) The raw data received by sensory organs
(B) The interpretation of sensory input
(C) The organization of memory
(D) Cognitive reasoning

2. Perception is best defined as:
(A) Interpretation and organization of sensory information
(B) Direct stimulation of sensory receptors
(C) Memory recall
(D) Emotional response

3. The process by which sensory systems convert external stimuli into neural signals is called:
(A) Transduction
(B) Transmission
(C) Translation
(D) Transformation

4. Which sense is primarily associated with the retina?
(A) Vision
(B) Hearing
(C) Touch
(D) Smell

5. Rods in the retina are most sensitive to:
(A) Low light and peripheral vision
(B) Color perception
(C) Fine detail
(D) Red wavelengths

6. Cones in the retina are specialized for:
(A) Color vision and fine detail
(B) Low-light vision
(C) Peripheral awareness
(D) Detecting sound waves

7. The blind spot in vision occurs because:
(A) No photoreceptors are present at the optic disc
(B) Light intensity is too high
(C) Cones are absent in the fovea
(D) Retina is overexposed

8. The cochlea is part of which sensory system?
(A) Auditory system
(B) Visual system
(C) Olfactory system
(D) Somatosensory system

9. Hair cells in the cochlea function as:
(A) Auditory receptors
(B) Visual pigments
(C) Touch sensors
(D) Olfactory neurons

10. The olfactory bulb is associated with:
(A) Smell
(B) Vision
(C) Hearing
(D) Balance

11. The vestibular system helps maintain:
(A) Balance and spatial orientation
(B) Smell sensitivity
(C) Visual acuity
(D) Touch sensitivity

12. Mechanoreceptors are sensory receptors for:
(A) Touch and pressure
(B) Light
(C) Smell
(D) Taste

13. Thermoreceptors detect changes in:
(A) Temperature
(B) Pressure
(C) Vibration
(D) Light

14. Nociceptors are responsible for detecting:
(A) Pain
(B) Smell
(C) Sound
(D) Balance

15. The absolute threshold is defined as:
(A) The minimum intensity of a stimulus needed for detection
(B) The maximum tolerance for a stimulus
(C) The difference between two stimuli
(D) The limit of perception

16. The difference threshold is also called:
(A) Just Noticeable Difference (JND)
(B) Absolute sensitivity
(C) Sensory adaptation
(D) Signal detection

17. Weber’s law states that:
(A) The JND is a constant proportion of the original stimulus
(B) Perception is independent of stimulus size
(C) All stimuli are equally detectable
(D) Sensory adaptation is immediate

18. Signal detection theory considers perception as a combination of:
(A) Sensory processes and decision-making
(B) Memory and attention
(C) Reflexes and adaptation
(D) Emotions and cognition

19. Sensory adaptation refers to:
(A) Reduced sensitivity to constant stimulation
(B) Increased sensitivity to weak stimuli
(C) Neural damage in receptors
(D) Sudden changes in threshold

20. Gestalt psychology emphasizes:
(A) Perception of whole forms rather than individual parts
(B) Strict sensory thresholds
(C) Reflexive responses
(D) Neural transduction only

21. Which Gestalt principle states that objects close together are perceived as a group?
(A) Proximity
(B) Similarity
(C) Closure
(D) Continuity

22. The Gestalt principle of similarity states:
(A) Objects similar in shape or color are grouped together
(B) Objects far apart are grouped
(C) Movement defines grouping
(D) Context is irrelevant

23. The Müller-Lyer illusion is an example of:
(A) Visual illusion due to misapplied depth cues
(B) Auditory misperception
(C) Tactile hallucination
(D) Smell adaptation

24. Depth perception is aided by:
(A) Binocular and monocular cues
(B) Reflexes only
(C) Absolute threshold
(D) Sensory adaptation

25. Retinal disparity is a binocular cue for:
(A) Depth perception
(B) Hearing
(C) Taste
(D) Pain detection

26. Convergence refers to:
(A) The inward turning of eyes to focus on close objects
(B) Grouping of similar objects
(C) Merging of sensory signals
(D) Neural adaptation

27. Monocular cues include:
(A) Linear perspective and interposition
(B) Retinal disparity
(C) Convergence
(D) Binocular vision

28. The phenomenon where motion is perceived in stationary images shown rapidly is called:
(A) Phi phenomenon
(B) Reflex action
(C) Retinal persistence
(D) Signal detection

29. The role of attention in perception is to:
(A) Select and prioritize sensory input
(B) Increase all sensory thresholds
(C) Block out stimuli permanently
(D) Eliminate sensory adaptation

30. Selective attention allows us to:
(A) Focus on relevant stimuli while ignoring others
(B) Sense all stimuli equally
(C) Block perception completely
(D) Increase reflexes

31. The “cocktail party effect” refers to:
(A) Ability to focus on one voice among many
(B) Smell adaptation in crowds
(C) Motion illusion in groups
(D) Visual grouping in parties

32. Top-down processing in perception relies on:
(A) Prior knowledge, experience, and expectations
(B) Pure sensory input
(C) Reflexes only
(D) Unfiltered data

33. Bottom-up processing begins with:
(A) Raw sensory input
(B) Expectations
(C) Memory
(D) Semantic interpretation

34. Perceptual constancy refers to:
(A) Recognizing objects as constant despite changes in appearance
(B) Sensory adaptation
(C) Reflexive vision
(D) Neural damage

35. Size constancy allows us to perceive:
(A) Objects as the same size despite distance changes
(B) Colors as constant
(C) Loudness as constant
(D) Motion illusion

36. Color constancy ensures:
(A) Perceived color remains stable under varying lighting
(B) All colors look identical
(C) Color fades over time
(D) Color depends only on memory

37. The trichromatic theory of color vision suggests:
(A) Three types of cones sensitive to red, green, and blue
(B) Only rods process light
(C) Opponent color channels exist
(D) Color is a memory construct

38. The opponent-process theory of color vision suggests:
(A) Colors are perceived in opposing pairs
(B) All cones act independently
(C) Rods determine color
(D) Colors are arbitrary

39. The place theory of hearing explains:
(A) Pitch perception based on vibration location on the basilar membrane
(B) Loudness perception only
(C) Balance in the vestibular system
(D) Neural adaptation to sound

40. Frequency theory of hearing suggests:
(A) Pitch corresponds to the rate of neural firing
(B) Pitch depends on location only
(C) Hearing is unrelated to vibration
(D) Only high frequencies are processed

41. The gate control theory is related to:
(A) Pain perception
(B) Visual adaptation
(C) Color constancy
(D) Hearing sensitivity

42. Kinesthetic sense refers to:
(A) Awareness of body position and movement
(B) Visual adaptation
(C) Balance
(D) Reflexes

43. Synesthesia is a condition in which:
(A) Stimulation of one sense leads to experiences in another
(B) Sensory input is blocked
(C) Reflexes dominate perception
(D) Perception fails

44. The perceptual set is influenced by:
(A) Expectations, culture, and experience
(B) Reflexes only
(C) Absolute thresholds
(D) Neural fatigue

45. Motion parallax is a monocular cue based on:
(A) Relative movement of objects as the observer moves
(B) Retinal disparity
(C) Convergence
(D) Reflexes

46. The fovea is the part of the retina responsible for:
(A) Sharp central vision
(B) Peripheral vision
(C) Motion detection only
(D) Night vision

47. The optic chiasm is where:
(A) Optic nerves cross to the opposite brain hemisphere
(B) Cones are concentrated
(C) Sound waves are processed
(D) Smell is identified

48. Feature detectors in the visual cortex respond to:
(A) Specific attributes like edges, angles, and movement
(B) Smell molecules
(C) Reflexes
(D) Auditory frequencies

49. The vestibular sacs and semicircular canals detect:
(A) Balance, acceleration, and head position
(B) Visual brightness
(C) Pain
(D) Temperature

50. Ultimately, perception and sensation work together to:
(A) Allow humans to detect and interpret the environment
(B) Block external information
(C) Replace memory functions
(D) Remove cognitive processing