Thermodynamics & Statistical Mechanics in Biology – MCQs

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1. The first law of thermodynamics states:





2. Gibbs free energy is useful in biology because it indicates:





3. A biochemical reaction is spontaneous when:





4. Entropy (S) measures:





5. The second law of thermodynamics states:





6. Standard free energy change (ΔG°) relates to equilibrium constant by:





7. The unit of entropy is:





8. The free energy equation is:





9. At equilibrium, ΔG is:





10. ATP hydrolysis is central to metabolism because:





11. The Boltzmann equation S = k ln W relates:





12. The constant k in Boltzmann’s formula is:





13. Enthalpy (ΔH) represents:





14. Which distribution describes molecular speeds in gases?





15. The canonical ensemble is defined by:





16. The grand canonical ensemble is defined by:





17. In protein folding, entropy changes are driven by:





18. Entropy of a pure crystalline substance at absolute zero is:





19. Helmholtz free energy is defined as:





20. The zeroth law of thermodynamics defines:





21. Entropy change in the universe during spontaneous processes is:





22. Which thermodynamic process occurs at constant pressure?





23. Which process occurs without heat exchange?





24. A highly ordered biological structure corresponds to:





25. In biology, non-equilibrium thermodynamics is applied to:





26. The statistical weight (W) in Boltzmann’s equation represents:





27. Which law explains why absolute zero cannot be reached?





28. In an isothermal process, which parameter remains constant?





29. Entropy production in living cells reflects:





30. The ergodic hypothesis states that:





31. The dissociation constant (Kd) in ligand binding reflects:





32. Entropy is maximized at:





33. Heat capacity (C) is defined as:





34. The partition function (Z) in statistical mechanics represents:





35. The molecular partition function includes:





36. A reaction with ΔH < 0 and ΔS > 0 is:





37. A reaction with ΔH > 0 and ΔS < 0 is:





38. The third law of thermodynamics states:





39. In enzyme catalysis, free energy barrier lowering increases:





40. In osmosis, solvent movement is driven by:





41. ΔG° of ATP hydrolysis under standard conditions is approximately:





42. The equilibrium constant increases when ΔG° is:





43. The Maxwell relations are derived from:





44. Biological order is maintained by:





45. A reversible process is characterized by:





46. In statistical mechanics, macrostates are defined by:





47. A microstate refers to:





48. Free energy landscapes are used to study:





49. The law of mass action is consistent with:





50. Statistical mechanics provides the link between: